英语论文食品安全
❶ 有关食品安全的英文论文
Annex 3: Agricultural Policy and Food Security in China
中国农业政策与食品安全
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Introction
Food security and the performance of the agricultural sector
Agricultural development strategy, policies and food security
China's food economy prospects
Issues and challenges
Concluding Remarks
References
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Introction
China's effort to proce enough to feed its growing population has long been recognized. It feeds over one-fifth of the world's population with only one-fifteenth of the world's arable land. In recent history, China has either exported food or imported relatively little. China was a net exporter of food, even of grain, in the 1950s. Although China became a net importer of grain in the 1960s, the share of net imports to total domestic consumption was marginal. Net import shares reached approximately three percent in the early reform period (1978-84), then declined to approximately one percent in the following period (1985-90). China has since become a net grain exporter, except in 1995 when it had a record level grain imports of nearly 20 million tons. Net exports between 1992 and 1994 were over 5 million tons annually.
While China's grain imports may grow slightly in the coming decades, the nation has developed a strong position as a net exporter of food (both grain and non grain) in value terms by exporting high value-added foodstuff including livestock procts and other processed foods ring the reform period. Net food exports grew to 2.3 billion US dollars in 1985 and peaked at 6.3 billion dollars in 1993, from a state of balanced trade (in value terms) in 1980 (China Customs Statistics).
China's future food security, however, is a subject of growing concern. First, although China's food proction has grown over the last several decades, year-to-year fluctuations of food supply and prices are significant. Market stabilization and food price inflation have been among the major targets of government policy since the late 1980s. The Chinese government considers maintaining a comparatively high level of food self-sufficiency, avoiding supply shocks, and stabilizing consumer prices, a matter of national security and stability:
Only when the Chinese people are free from food availability and stability of food supply worries can they concentrate on and support the current reform, thus ensuring a sustained, rapid and healthy development of the economy (The State Council, 1996).
To this end, the government recently adopted measures to stabilize domestic food supply and stabilize the market - these measures include administrative and economic intervention in food distribution and marketing systems, national and local food reserve schemes, price regulations, international trade, factor markets, and rural infrastructure development.
Secondly, food security and access to food are mainly poverty issues. Although national economic growth is strong, it is uneven across regions. Farmer's incomes in the central and eastern regions of China continue to grow more rapidly than those in the west and southwest. Income inequality among regions, between rural and urban areas, and within regions continues to grow (MOA, 1997). In the early 1980s, tremendous progress was made in addressing China's poverty problem, mainly e to the government's rural reform program. However, this progress has slowed down over the past ten years.
Finally, China's food supply availability could be a major food security issue in the coming decades if policies were not formulated in the right directions. Worldwide, food proction growth rates have outpaced population growth in recent decades, implying increased food availability per capita. Furthermore, the decline of real food and feed grain prices internationally over the same period implies that supply increases have exceeded increased demand. However, the situation differs from country to country.
China faces the great challenge of feeding its growing population with declining land, water, and other food proction resources, and increasing opportunity cost of labor and domestic food proction cost. Food supply availability in China is important not only because it concerns a large proportion of the world's population and consumption, but also because rapid instrialization has led to competition for resources between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, strong income growth, rapid urbanization, and population growth. All of these stimulate demand for agricultural procts.
Government officials and scholars have focused food economy and food security concerns on the grain economy because grain (both food and feedgrain) is a major component of China's food supply. Historically, grain fundamentalism, the provision of adequate cereal grain supplies at low stable prices to urban residents, has been an overriding government concern. Recurring food shortages, particularly the famine of the early 1960s, increased the official desire for assured and secure grain supplies. This concern, coupled with rapidly increasing urbanization, domestic infrastructure and transport constraints, domestic grain price spikes in 1994/1995, Brown's 1995 prediction that China will become an importer of massive amounts of grain in the next few decades, the weaknesses of the fiscal system in the provision of public goods (particular agricultural research and extension), has attracted worldwide attention in the past 4 years.
A number of recent studies concted by both domestic and international organizations have led to a consensus that while the increases in China's grain imports will be marginal and the nation will remain at a high level of food self-sufficiency in the coming decades, China's long-term food security is an issue of both national and international significance. The sheer size of China's economy and its rapid growth will make China a crucial influence in the future development of world markets for inputs and outputs of food and agricultural procts, agribusiness, and instry. Along with this growth is its graal progress toward market-orientation and global integration, urbanization, the shift of comparative advantage from agriculture to other sectors, and dietary diversification. Small adjustments to China's food supply and demand, agricultural input demand shifts, and the Chinese government's selection of food security policy will each have large effects on world agricultural trade.
This paper evaluates China's food security situation, reviews the performance of the food and agricultural sector, considers the role of food policies, particularly the most recent price and marketing reform policies, in improving the food situation, and identifies key issues related to food security which require further intervention. The next section reviews previous achievements and sources of growth in agricultural proction and food security. The third section analyzes current government policies and programmes and their impacts on agricultural proction and food security. The fourth section predicts the shape of China's food economy over the next three decades; while the fifth section discusses the major challenges and constraints to agricultural proction and food security. Concrete measures and options towards sustainable agricultural growth and food proction are suggested in the final section.
Food security and the performance of the agricultural sector
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Food security: an overview
Summary of China's approaches to improved food security
Other issues
Changing role of agriculture in the economy
Agricultural proction growth
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Food security: an overview
China's ability to feed over one-fifth of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's arable land is widely acclaimed. China, with more than 1.23 billion people in 1997, is the world's most populous nation. Its experience demonstrates the importance of technological development, institutional change, improved incentives, and rural development among other policies in improving food security with limited natural resources.
Availability of food
China's per capita food availability and consumption have increased over the last several decades. Average per capita food availability has grown from less than 1700 kcal in 1960 to 2570 kcal per day in 1995 (Table 1)[19]. Increased domestic proction is almost solely responsible for increased food availability. Protein intake and fat consumption per capita per day increased over the same period, from 42 grams to 70 grams, and 17 grams to 45 grams, respectively. Both figures exceed average nutrient availability in countries with comparable per capita GNP levels.
Nutritional composition changes of Chinese diets are consistent with growing income (Table 1). Nutrient sources are a powerful indicator of the population's economic wellbeing. In low income countries, the average diet includes a high percentage of nutrients from crops, while a typical developed country diet includes a relatively high percentage of nutrients from animal sources. In China, traditional diets were typically based on cereals, vegetables, and small quantities of meat and fish. Consumption of relatively expensive non-cereal food items, particularly livestock procts and fish, have increased with rapid increases in per capita income, urbanization, and market expansion (Huang and Bouis, 1996).
Aggregate household food security
Aggregate household food security has improved significantly. According to the FAO's WFS (1996), Chinese household food security, as measured by the aggregate household food security index (AHFSI) and the level of food inadequacy, follow overall national averages. The AHFSI increased from a low level of 70 percent in 1969-71 to a relatively high level of nearly 80 percent in 1990-92, while food inadequacy declined from slightly over 14 percent to approximately 3 percent in the same period.
Table 1. Nutrient availability
Year
Energy
(kcal)
Protein
(grams)
Fat
(grams)
Crop Procts
Animal Procts
Energy
(%)
Protein
(%)
Fat
(%)
Energy
(%)
Protein
(%)
Fat
(%)
1960
1676
42
17
97
93
76
3
7
24
1970
2087
53
23
96
93
67
4
7
33
1980
2470
64
32
94
90
60
6
10
40
1990
2505
68
37
91
86
55
9
14
45
1995
2570
70
45
88
81
51
12
19
49
Table 2. Per capita daily nutrient intake by income group in sample provinces, 1990.
Income group
Sichuan
Ningxia
Hebei
Zhejiang
Guangdong
Beijing
Energy intake (kcal)
Average
2335
2402
2227
2460
2425
2309
Poorest 10%
1889
1819
1970
1971
2129
1960
10% - 25%
2068
2142
2093
2217
2174
1855
25% - 50%
2271
2319
2201
2314
2191
2091
50% - 75%
2485
2480
2256
2559
2583
2371
75% - 90%
2606
2642
2284
2711
2532
2605
Richest 10%
2852
3074
2559
2983
2797
2972
Protein intake (g)
Average
59.6
68.5
69.1
63.9
60.7
69.1
Poorest 10%
48.1
54.9
59.4
51.0
51.9
57.9
10% - 25%
52.5
64.6
64.7
57.0
53.0
55.0
25% - 50%
55.4
65.4
67.9
59.6
58.4
62.0
50% - 75%
61.1
68.7
70.2
65.6
64.5
70.3
75% - 90%
66.6
72.5
71.4
70.7
64.7
79.2
Richest 10%
73.6
84.5
80.8
79.2
71.8
90.5
Fat intake (g)
Average
36.0
33.7
34.0
33.1
39.1
45.5
Poorest 10%
25.5
21.5
27.4
20.2
28.9
35.5
10% - 25%
27.7
25.6
29.2
26.4
32.7
35.4
25% - 50%
31.3
31.1
31.9
30.3
36.8
41.1
50% - 75%
37.0
35.6
35.0
35.1
42.5
48.5
75% - 90%
43.4
41.0
37.1
39.8
42.0
52.6
Richest 10%
57.0
48.9
46.1
47.6
50.6
63.9
Annual per capita income (yuan)
Average
558
643
658
991
1027
1270
Poorest 10%
251
230
204
299
433
488
10% - 25%
347
321
349
508
624
705
25% - 50%
443
457
499
739
809
1012
50% - 75%
579
686
692
1058
1075
1346
75% - 90%
756
975
948
1457
1433
1748
Richest 10%
1115
1395
1453
2163
2033
2633
Household food security by income group
Tables 2, 3, and 4 show household nutrient intake and source by income group based on a food and nutrition survey concted by the Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine (CAPM) and the State Statistical Bureau (SSB) in 1990,. Tables 5 and 6 show the physical development of children and equity as well as poverty in the rural China based on a food consumption and expenditure survey concted by the SSB for the years 1978- 95.
Nutrient intake varies greatly across income groups, although average per capita energy intake in all sample provinces topped 2200 kcal (Table 2). Daily energy intake of the 25% of the population with annual per capita income less than 500- 700 yuan (level varies by province) was below 2200 kcal. Energy intake of the poorest 10 percent was only 82 percent of the sample average. Protein and fat intakes decline as income falls in a similar pattern.
Table 3. Sources of energy by income group in China's sample provinces, 1990.
❷ 求一篇关于食品安全的英语作文
Food Safety In recent years ,more and more people pay attention to the food safety issues. With the improvement of our living standards,people are increasingly concerned about their diet,but the food safety issues turn out frequently,like the Melamine issues. There are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Among all the reasons, the preference of factories plays the more important role. In order to gain more benefits ,many factories ignore the safety of food but use the chemical additives. Bisides, consumer konwledge about food safety lacking lead to the food safety issues. In my opinion,our country should make relevant laws to specificate the food proction .At the same time ,our consumers should learn more knowledge about food safety.
❸ 英语作文食品安全
食品安全问题Food Safety Issues
In recent years, China’s food instry occurs security issus frequently, which makes people worried and lose confidence. Food safety, related to the people’s health, safety and healthy development of economy, is the major issue of national stability and social development. Since the Sanlu Incident occurred in , the entire society increasingly concerned about food safety issue. It was in this context that the food safety issue was referred to an unprecedented level.
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❹ 关于食品安全问题的英语作文
As we all known,food safety problems are more and more popular in our country,because more cases about food safety problem have appeared.
Firstly,As the old saying goes,the food is what matters to the people.Food plays an important role in people's life.So food safety influences people's health and life.Secondly,some procers only think about earning money without thinking about ensuring food safty.they proce unqualified food.Thirdly,some food supervisory departpents don't perform their ty completely.This behavior make some procer ignore the safety of proction.If we want to solve problems that is illustrated former,we must call on the supervisory department to manage the food market.And the procers must paly their roles.Lastly,we hope that there is law that punish illegal acts.
In recent years, China’s food instry occurs security issus frequently, which makes people worried and lose confidence. Food safety, related to the people’s health, safety and healthy development of economy, is the major issue of national stability and social development. Since the Sanlu Incident occurred in 2008, the entire society increasingly concerned about food safety issue. It was in this context that the food safety issue was referred to an unprecedented level.
近几年，中国食品工业经常发生安全问题，这使得人们很担忧并失去了信心。食品安全与人们的健康，安全以及经济的健康发展息息相关，是国家稳定和社会发展的主要问题。自2008年三鹿事件发生以来，全社会对食品安全问题的关注越来越高。正是在这种情况下，食品安全问题被提到了一个空前的水平。
There are the following main issues in food security: using poor quality raw materials in the food manufacturing process, adding toxic substances, excessive use of food additives, abusing of chemical additives and so on. There are many reasons to cause this problem, and regulators, procers and even consumers share responsibilities. The entire society should try effort to avoid food safety issues.
食品安全主要存在以下问题：在生产食品过程使用劣质的原材料，添加有毒物质，过量使用防腐剂，滥用化学添加剂等等。引起这一问题的原因有很多，监管者，生产者甚至是消费者都有责任。全社会应该尽力避免食品安全问题。
❺ 英语作文（食品安全）在线等
Currently, many problems concerning the safety of food have popped up.As for me, I believe at least three factors account for this issue.
First, I observe that profits drive many food procers to commitillegal things. They aim to gain more money at the expense of consumers’health. Second, the overuse of agricultural pesticide has resulted in thedegradation of food quality. The excessive pesticide bears enormous healthhazard for people. Furthermore, some food procers inject hormones intodomestic animals so as to make them grow more quickly and thus they can turn inmore profit. As a result, people’s health hasbeen seriously disturbed.
All in all, food safety is such a great concern, and we all shouldestablish laws and implement them effectively to avoid procing toxic foods.
❻ 哪有关于食品安全的英文论文
这里有一个很不错的食品安全教育网站可供你参考（见参考资料链接）
下面是一版些相关的文章：
http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/pubs.htm
http://www.dietitiancentral.com/newstand/Food_Safety.cfm
这些已经权足够你看和参考了
❼ 论文论点求助，1500字的英语论文 名字是 中国的食品安全 。。。论点是什么比较好写呢
工业革命进步背后引发的食品安全
❽ 关于食品安全的英语作文带翻译300字左右
As the saying goes, food is the most important thing for people. Food safety is very important for people.Nowadays, there are more and more food safety problems. Many people use bad substitutes for low-cost proction. It scares us.We are all very worried about buying bad things, and businesses ignore our food safety for their own interests.
翻译:俗话来说的好，民以食为自天，食品的安全对于人们来说是很重要的。现在的食品安全问题越来越多。很多人为了低价生产而用不好的代替品。这令我们感到很害怕。我们都很担心买到不好的东西，商家为了自己的利益而不顾我们的食品安全。
❾ 有有关食品安全问题的英文文章吗求解
中国食品安全问题影响海外
Updated Fri. Apr. 13 2007 12:35 PM ET
Associated Press
SHANGHAI, China -- The list of Chinese food exports rejected at American ports reads like a chef's nightmare: pesticide-laden pea pods, drug-laced catfish, filthy plums and crawfish contaminated with salmonella.
美国港口拒绝接受的中国出口食品清单听起来像是厨师的噩梦：含农药的豌豆、吃过药的鲶鱼、肮脏的洋李和被沙门氏菌污染的龙虾。
Yet, it took a much more obscure item, contaminated wheat gluten, to focus U.S. public attention on a very real and frightening fact: China's chronic food safety woes are now an international concern.
然而，正式一个鲜为人知的产品-被污染的麦麸，让美国关注一个非常真实和可怕的事实：中国的食品安全问题已经成为全世界关注的问题。
In recent weeks, scores of cats and dogs in America have died of kidney failure blamed on eating pet food containing gluten from China that was tainted with melamine, a chemical used in plastics, fertilizers and flame retardants. While humans aren't believed at risk, the incident has sharpened concerns over China's food exports and the limited ability of U.S. inspectors to catch problem shipments.
近几周来，美国大量的猫和狗死于肾衰竭，原因是吃的宠物食品中含有从中国进口的麦麸，这种麦麸被三聚氰胺（一种用于塑料、肥料和阻燃剂的化学品）污染。虽然人不会受到伤害，但这事情加剧了人们对中国出口食品的担忧，也使人们更担心美国检查人员发现问题货物的能力是有限的。
Just as with manufactured goods, exports of meat, proce, and processed foods from China have soared in recent years, prompting outcries from foreign farm sectors that are feeling pinched by low Chinese prices.
近年来，从中国进口的肉、农产品和加工食品迅速增加，引起了外国农业部门的强烈抗议，因为中国的低价产品给他们带来很大压力。
Worried about losing access to foreign markets and stung by tainted food procts scandals at home, China has in recent years tried to improve inspections, with limited success.
一方面担心失去国外市场，一方面又受到国内食品污染问题的刺激，中国近年来努力加强食品安全的监督，但是效果有限。
The problems the government faces are legion. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are used in excess to boost yields while harmful antibiotics are widely administered to control disease in seafood and livestock. Rampant instrial pollution risks introcing heavy metals into the food chain.
目前政府面临一大堆问题，为了增加产量，农作物中过量使用农药和化肥；为了控制海产品和家畜的疾病，使用有害抗生素的现象很普遍。严重的工业污染使重金属有可能进入食物链。
Farmers have used cancer-causing instrial dye Sudan Red to boost the value of their eggs and fed an asthma medication to pigs to proce leaner meat.
农民们为使鸭蛋卖个好价钱而使用可致癌的工业染料苏丹红，为提高猪的瘦肉率而给猪喂食平喘药。
China's Health Ministry reported almost 34,000 food-related illnesses in 2005, with spoiled food accounting for the largest number, followed by poisonous plants or animals and use of agricultural chemicals.
2005年中国卫生部报告的食品引发疾病的案例近3.4万起，其中变质食品所占比例最大，其次是有毒蔬菜和肉制品及农业化学品的实用。
With China increasingly intertwined in global trade, Chinese exporters are paying a price for unsafe practices. Excessive antibiotic or pesticide resies have caused bans in Europe and Japan on Chinese shrimp, honey and other procts. Hong Kong blocked imports of turbot last year after inspectors found traces of malachite green, a possibly cancer-causing chemical used to treat fungal infections, in some fish.
随着中国日益融入全球贸易，中国出口商正为不安全的做法付出代价。过量的抗生素和农药残留使欧洲和日本禁止进口中国的虾、蜂蜜和其他产品。去年在一些鱼中发现可致癌的孔雀石绿（用于某些鱼类的真菌感染治疗）以后，香港开始禁止进口多宝鱼。
One source of the problem is China's fractured farming sector, comprised of small landholdings which make regulation difficult, experts said.
专家们说，造成这个问题的一个原因是中国的农业部门处于割裂状态，增加了管理难度。
For foreign importers, the answer is to know your suppliers and test thoroughly, food instry experts said.
业内专家说，对于外国进口商来说，解决方法就是了解供应商并进行彻底检验。
❿ 有有关食品安全问题的英文文章吗
China's food safety woes expand overseas
中国食品安全问题影响海外
Updated Fri. Apr. 13 2007 12:35 PM ET
Associated Press
SHANGHAI, China -- The list of Chinese food exports rejected at American ports reads like a chef's nightmare: pesticide-laden pea pods, drug-laced catfish, filthy plums and crawfish contaminated with salmonella.
美国港口拒绝接受的中国出口食品清单听起来像是厨师的噩梦：含农药的豌豆、吃过药的鲶鱼、肮脏的洋李和被沙门氏菌污染的龙虾。
Yet, it took a much more obscure item, contaminated wheat gluten, to focus U.S. public attention on a very real and frightening fact: China's chronic food safety woes are now an international concern.
然而，正式一个鲜为人知的产品-被污染的麦麸，让美国关注一个非常真实和可怕的事实：中国的食品安全问题已经成为全世界关注的问题。
In recent weeks, scores of cats and dogs in America have died of kidney failure blamed on eating pet food containing gluten from China that was tainted with melamine, a chemical used in plastics, fertilizers and flame retardants. While humans aren't believed at risk, the incident has sharpened concerns over China's food exports and the limited ability of U.S. inspectors to catch problem shipments.
近几周来，美国大量的猫和狗死于肾衰竭，原因是吃的宠物食品中含有从中国进口的麦麸，这种麦麸被三聚氰胺（一种用于塑料、肥料和阻燃剂的化学品）污染。虽然人不会受到伤害，但这事情加剧了人们对中国出口食品的担忧，也使人们更担心美国检查人员发现问题货物的能力是有限的。
Just as with manufactured goods, exports of meat, proce, and processed foods from China have soared in recent years, prompting outcries from foreign farm sectors that are feeling pinched by low Chinese prices.
近年来，从中国进口的肉、农产品和加工食品迅速增加，引起了外国农业部门的强烈抗议，因为中国的低价产品给他们带来很大压力。
Worried about losing access to foreign markets and stung by tainted food procts scandals at home, China has in recent years tried to improve inspections, with limited success.
一方面担心失去国外市场，一方面又受到国内食品污染问题的刺激，中国近年来努力加强食品安全的监督，但是效果有限。
The problems the government faces are legion. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are used in excess to boost yields while harmful antibiotics are widely administered to control disease in seafood and livestock. Rampant instrial pollution risks introcing heavy metals into the food chain.
目前政府面临一大堆问题，为了增加产量，农作物中过量使用农药和化肥；为了控制海产品和家畜的疾病，使用有害抗生素的现象很普遍。严重的工业污染使重金属有可能进入食物链。
Farmers have used cancer-causing instrial dye Sudan Red to boost the value of their eggs and fed an asthma medication to pigs to proce leaner meat.
农民们为使鸭蛋卖个好价钱而使用可致癌的工业染料苏丹红，为提高猪的瘦肉率而给猪喂食平喘药。
China's Health Ministry reported almost 34,000 food-related illnesses in 2005, with spoiled food accounting for the largest number, followed by poisonous plants or animals and use of agricultural chemicals.
2005年中国卫生部报告的食品引发疾病的案例近3.4万起，其中变质食品所占比例最大，其次是有毒蔬菜和肉制品及农业化学品的实用。
With China increasingly intertwined in global trade, Chinese exporters are paying a price for unsafe practices. Excessive antibiotic or pesticide resies have caused bans in Europe and Japan on Chinese shrimp, honey and other procts. Hong Kong blocked imports of turbot last year after inspectors found traces of malachite green, a possibly cancer-causing chemical used to treat fungal infections, in some fish.
随着中国日益融入全球贸易，中国出口商正为不安全的做法付出代价。过量的抗生素和农药残留使欧洲和日本禁止进口中国的虾、蜂蜜和其他产品。去年在一些鱼中发现可致癌的孔雀石绿（用于某些鱼类的真菌感染治疗）以后，香港开始禁止进口多宝鱼。
One source of the problem is China's fractured farming sector, comprised of small landholdings which make regulation difficult, experts said.
专家们说，造成这个问题的一个原因是中国的农业部门处于割裂状态，增加了管理难度。
For foreign importers, the answer is to know your suppliers and test thoroughly, food instry experts said.
业内专家说，对于外国进口商来说，解决方法就是了解供应商并进行彻底检验。
Shipments from China were rejected at the rate of about 200 per month this year, the largest from any country, compared to about 18 for Thailand, and 35 for Italy, also big exporters to the U.S., according to data posted on the FDA's Web site.
根据美国FDA网站的数字，今年每个月约有200批来自中国的货物被美国拒收，是所有国家中最多的，泰国约18批，意大利35批，他们也是美国主要的食品供应国。