zara市场

1. ZARA是如何一步步发展起来的

Zara创于1975年，是西班牙Inditex集团旗下的品牌，有超过两千多家的服装连锁店，设计优异、价格较为低廉，深受全球时尚青年的喜爱。Inditex是全球排名第一的服装零售集团，旗下有8个品牌，Zara是其中最有名的，其销售额占总销售额的70%，它开创了快时尚的模式，是服装行业的标杆。

Zara成功的原因是以顾客为导向、高效的管理、迅速灵活的生产、独特的营销价格策略，这让它成为了服装行业的一个神话。

2. 品牌服装ZARA 如何确立市场战略定位

旗下拥有ZARA、PullandBear、MassimoDutti、Bershka、Stradivarius、Oysho等9个服装零售品牌，其中ZARA是这个9个品牌中最出名的，是Inditex公司的旗舰品牌，是“时装行业中的戴尔电脑”、是“时装行业的斯沃琪手表”、被认为是欧洲最具研究价值的品牌；ZARA公司独特的供应链管理，使其成为全球服装行业中，在响应速度与弹性管理上的标杆企业。 确保了其成功的方向 作为Inditex公司的旗舰品牌，ZARA创始于1985年，它既是服装品牌，也是专营ZARA品牌服装的连锁店零售品牌。ZARA公司坚持自己拥有和运营几乎所有的连锁店网络的原则，同时投入大量资金建设自己的工厂（目前有22家自有工厂）和物流体系，以便于“五个手指抓住客户需求，另外五个手指掌控生产”，快速响应市场需求，为顾客提供“买得起的快速时装”。 ZARA的战略要求公司在全年中不断地推出大量各种各样的新产品。ZARA公司高级经理Diaz认为公司经营的是“时装”，不是传统卖衣服的。顾客购买是因为他们喜欢“时装”，而不是喜欢ZARA公司。对于顾客来说，ZARA公司的连锁店意味着，他们可以在那里找到最新的、限量供应的“时装”。在某种程度上，由于公司经营的是“时装”（但价格却不高）的形象，连锁店的存货水平非常低，通常每种款式只有几件，换句话说这几件库存通常都是摆在展览的橱窗里的。由于低库存的方针，一天的销售后经常可以看到空空的货架，连锁店非常依赖有序而又迅速的新产品来补充货源。

3. 假如你是zara的营销总监,你如何定位市场如何细分市场

我觉得这个定位不是随便说说的，一定要根据zara多年来的大数据做参考的，是扩大还是继续走细分要有可以秉承的战略方向作为条件。

4. 受市场影响，时尚巨头Zara的业绩和18年相比会继续恶化吗

时尚巨头ZARA会因为市场的变化而发生恶化吗，对于这个问题而言，其实是不用担心的，Zara作为一个快时尚的老牌大企业，不会因为一时的市场变化而产生影响，老牌企业都有自己独特的运营机制和管理体制，在不断发展的过程中也会遇到很多问题，但随着年份的增长，经验的积累，解决问题的能力也会增多，所以不会受到影响。

尽管在运营效率上做到了接近极致，但这家公司也面临着诸多突出风险。例如，不断增加的开店数量，需要公司付出高额的购地或房租成本、管理成本和人工成本；又如，在中国等新兴市场的强烈竞争；再如，线上销售与门店销售之间的相互制约关系，等等。综上所诉，ZARA目前并不会有很大风险，但长久而言未可知，一切都取决于品牌内部的决策与改变。

5. zara的市场营销策略的英文文献

这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara’s Marketing Strategy

Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”

The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.

Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

6. zara什么时候进入中国

2006年，集团在塞尔维亚、中国大陆和突尼斯开设门店。
ZARA是西班牙Inditex集团(股票代码ITX)旗下的一个子公司，它既是服装品牌，也是专营ZARA品牌服装的连锁零售品牌。1975年设立于西班牙的ZARA隶属于Inditex集团为全球排名第三、西班牙排名第一的服装商，在世界各地56个国家内，设立超过两千多家的服装连锁店。ZARA深受全球时尚青年的喜爱，设计师品牌的优异设计价格却更为低廉，简单来说就是让平民拥抱High Fashion。
Inditex是西班牙排名第一，超越了美国的GAP、瑞典的H&M成为全球排名第一的服装零售集团。截至2013年10月31日它在全球86个国家和地区开设了6249家专卖店，旗下共有8个服装零售品牌，ZARA是其中最有名的品牌。在全球86个国家拥有1808家专卖店（自营专卖店占90%，其余为合资和特许专卖店）。尽管ZARA品牌的专卖店只占Inditex公司所有分店数的三分之一，但是其销售额却占总销售额的66%左右。
ZARA第一家门店于1975年在西班牙拉科鲁尼亚（LA Coruña）开设，目前已拥有1,900多家店遍布世界87个市场主要城市的商业中心。ZARA在国际上的成功清楚地表明时装文化无国界。凭借一支拥有200多名专业人士的创作团队，ZARA的设计过程紧跟大众口味。

7. zara在国内销售如何

2014年，进入中国仅8年时间的zara以超越对手销售额两倍的姿态，将盘踞中国快时尚宝座20年的艾格拉下马来。
2006年，中国快时尚江湖座次已定：艾格稳居老大，欧丽次之，内陆品牌们俯首称臣。直到万里之外的西班牙品牌zara在香港铩羽，决定转战内陆平民市场。掌门奥尔特加派出自己的心腹大将维克托•阿米戈出任zara中国区总裁。
息传到艾格中国总裁刘巽坡耳朵里，刘巽坡暗惊，虽然此时内陆鲜有人知zara，但刘巽坡却知道zara不容小觑——其900多家门店遍布世界56个国家。
一阵急促的铃声在艾格法国总部响起，艾格全球总裁比埃尔得到报告却很淡定。中国市场，艾格早已扎根十年，一家独大，何惧之有？
这边阿米戈把目光对准了上海市场。一则上海是中国时尚的最前沿，辐射华东、华北，影响北京，关系全局;更为重要的是，上海是艾格的大本营，如果这仗打好，zara不但立稳脚跟，还能敲山震虎。
得知zara首攻上海，刘巽坡反而松了口气。艾格专柜遍布上海各大商场，甚至有的专柜面积超过700平方米，zara无论进入哪里，都没有优势。何况不止艾格，先入为主的各路老大们都做好了准备，大量销售员待命，只要zara一出现，大家就会在其周边租赁更多柜台，甚至以包围的姿态进行促销——没人欢迎这位不速之客。
刘巽坡们做了迎战的准备，没想到，阿米戈却绕开了商场专柜，悄悄签下了南京路一个1200多平方米的2层楼店铺，十万种最新秋冬系列统一呈现，且款式模仿奢侈品牌夏奈尔、迪奥等，价格不足其十分之一，恰好又比艾格贵30％左右。
zara第一家店铺在南京西路一开，高规格、大气势让艾格一下子相形见绌。日销售额60万元，几乎超越艾格在整个上海一半的销售额。
zara一炮打响，刘巽坡猛然感到危机来袭，一个不同于以往的强手出现了。刘巽坡意识到艾格由众多中小加盟商组成的遍布中国百货渠道的专柜模式将遭遇挑战。
听说对手又选中了上海另一个黄金之地——淮海路，而且店面将超过1500平方米，刘巽坡急忙派人洽谈。淮海路、南京路寸土寸金，刘巽坡破局心切，愿意支出更高的房租。但是艾格的卖场多是加盟商自行经营模式，叫板小店尚可，要拿下如此大店，加盟商纷纷胆怯。
刘巽坡求助于总部，却未得到明确支持。刘巽坡心急如焚，迅速指挥艾格在zara南京路东西方向和南北方向的北方西藏路再开设三家店专柜，形成南北夹角支势头，半道上拦截消费者，甚至自筹资金开出过超过300平方米的艾格旗舰店。
但随着zara第二大店——淮海路时代广场开业，艾格业绩首次下滑。借助上海两家店铺的成功，2007年11月，zara猛然转道杭州，随后，优衣库、h&m也纷纷进入内陆，参与抢夺市场。这年，艾格勉强保住8.6亿元营业额，南方却颓废已现。

8. ZARA的定位是大概是什么呢

ZARA（飒拉）是1975年设立于西班牙隶属Inditex集团(股票代码ITX)旗下的一个子公司，既是服装品牌也是专营ZARA品牌服装的连锁零售品牌。ZARA是全球排名第三、西班牙排名第一的服装商，在87个国家内设立超过两千多家的服装连锁店。

ZARA深受全球时尚青年的喜爱，设计师品牌的优异设计价格却更为低廉，简单来说就是让平民拥抱High Fashion。Inditex是西班牙排名第一，超越了美国的GAP、瑞典的H&M、丹麦的KM成为全球排名第一的服装零售集团。

截至2013年10月31日它在全球86个国家和地区开设了6249家专卖店，旗下共有8个服装零售品牌，ZARA是其中最有名的品牌。在全球86个国家拥有1808家专卖店（自营专卖店占90%，其余为合资和特许专卖店）。

(8)zara市场扩展阅读：

ZARA旗下拥有400余位的专业设计师，一年推出的商品超过120000款，可说是同业的5倍之多，而且设计师其平均岁数只有25岁，他们随时穿梭于米兰、东京、纽约、巴黎等时尚重地观看服装秀，以撷取设计理念与最新的潮流趋势，进而仿真仿效推出高时髦感的时尚单品。

每周两次的补货上架，每隔三周就要全面性的汰旧换新，全球各店在两周内就可同步进行更新完毕，极高的商品汰换率，也加快了顾客上门的回店率，因为消费者已于无形中建立起ZARA随时都有新东西的重要形象。

除此之外，ZARA设计群也实时与全球各地的ZARA店长进行电话会议，透过了解各地的销售状况与顾客反应，来灵活变通调整商品的设计方向，因应客人的百变口味，而且在顾客购买的同时，店员已经将商品特征以及顾客资料输入计算机，藉由网际传输将数据送回ZARA总部。

设计群则可掌握各种精确的销售分析与顾客喜好，再加上本身专业的时尚敏锐度，来决定下一批商品的设计走向与数量，如此一来，商品即可发挥最大销售率，也意味着能有效压低库存的出现率。